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José Antonio Primo de Rivera y Sáenz de Heredia, 1st Duke of Primo de Rivera, 3rd Marquis of Estella, GE (April 24, 1903 – November 20, 1936) was a Spanish lawyer, nobleman, politician, and founder of the Falange Española ("Spanish Phalanx"). He was executed by the Spanish republican government during the course of the Spanish Civil War. ==Life== José Antonio Primo de Rivera was born in Madrid on April 24, 1903, the oldest son of General Miguel Primo de Rivera, Prime Minister and Dictator under the monarchy of King Alfonso XIII of Spain. From his father he inherited the title of Marquis of Estella (in Navarre). He never married. His mother died when he was five years old, and he was subsequently raised by his father's sister. He was privately taught at home, and learned English and French.〔.〕〔.〕 When at university, he did not attend lectures until the second year of his undergraduate studies.〔R. Gonzalo, 2009: "(José Antonio Primo de Rivera y Sáenz de Heredia )." Blog Diario. Chapter 186.〕 He spent his summer holidays in the country estate of an uncle where he practiced horse riding and hunting.〔Leoncio Jiménez Cano, 1980: "(Vida castrense de José Antonio Primo de Rivera en Barcelona )." El Arenal. Ávila. Ed. Antonio Álvarez Cadenas.〕 Primo de Rivera went on to study law at the University of Madrid between 1917 and 1923. He helped to organize the student union there, "Federación Universitaria Escolar," which opposed the higher-education policies of his father. He took undergraduate and graduate courses simultaneously and he obtained both his Bachelor and Doctor degrees in the same year, 1923.〔Juan Velarde Fuertes: "(José Antonio, en la Universidad )." Fundación José Antonio Primo de Rivera.〕 After graduating he picked the "One-Year Volunteer" option to do his military service while his father was dictator. He served with the Ninth Dragoons of St. James cavalry regiment stationed at Barcelona. He was court-martialed for punching a superior officer, Brigadier General Gonzalo Queipo de Llano.
The tribunal meted out a very lenient sentence, the temporary demotion from the rank of second lieutenant. In 1925 he became a registered lawyer and opened an office on a side street of Madrid very near the confluence of three principal avenues.〔"( José Antonio Primo de Rivera y Sáenz de Heredia )." España desde 1931.〕 In 1931 he was invested "Perpetual Dean of the Illustrious College of Lawyers of Madrid."〔Jesús López Medel: .〕 In 1931 he constituted "Agrupación al Servicio de la República" (Assembly at the Service of the Republic)〔 ''and'' paradoxically ran for office under the monarchist banner of "Unión Monárquica Nacional";—he failed to get elected.〔( Semblanza de José Antonio Primo de Rivera ).〕 He was detained briefly in 1932 for collaboration in General Sanjurjo's attempted coup.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「José Antonio Primo de Rivera」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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